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[Music]

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[Applause]

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good morning everyone

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I'd like to thank the organizers for

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give me an opportunity to talk here and

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on the formation of complex organic

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materials or molecules comes from PAHs

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or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons it

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kind of goes along with the theme this

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morning about what our bio signatures

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how do you make other molecules can you

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make other molecules from the PAHs and

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what I'm going to talk about it give you

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a little background on the coms if

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you're not familiar with the term

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chemist view comes differently than

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astrobiologists and astronomers just to

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point out but for in the astrobiology

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context comes our organic molecules

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containing carbon hydrogen oxygen

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possibly nitrogen such as the aldehydes

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ketones going-ons and stuff which are

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carbon change with functional groups

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attached to them which can be useful in

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Bovada chemistry and the origins of life

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context pah is or polycyclic aromatic

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hydrocarbons if you're not familiar with

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them I think they've showed a couple of

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times this morning our carbon hydrogen

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molecules with cyclic aromatic rings of

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carbon in there they're important

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because they're one of the most abundant

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sources of carbon in the universe we

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find them all over the place pretty much

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and in the is him the interstellar

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medium the PAH is tend to be 50 to 100

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carbon atoms in size we also find pH is

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within the solar system but there's

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typically a lot smaller we find them in

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meteorites interplanetary dust particles

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cometary particles and such and they're

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usually about 24 atoms are smaller

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aromatic molecules also make up such as

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pH as components of the insoluble

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organic material which which we find in

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meteorites the aromatic structures are

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also important to the biochemistry a lot

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of our biochemistry are cyclic carbon

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structures or even aromatic structures

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so what's interesting about the pH is

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what happens when they undergo energetic

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processing we know they're in the is cm

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they're large molecules and so when the

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protozoa nebula forms or even in within

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areas within our own solar system you

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have high energetic particles going on

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so what happens to the chemistry of PAHs

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such as UV fatalis high-energy protons

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and electrons that's where the basis of

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this kind of started and it kind of goes

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to a bottom-up or top-down we heard that

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term earlier this morning but in this

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term it's like a bottom-up synthesis our

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top-down synthesis are the organics in

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the solar system formed from smaller

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molecules combining together or larger

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molecules from the I am getting

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processed down to smaller molecules so

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we wanted to investigate that and so we

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did some experiments called IC or

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investigation of carbon and evolution

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experiments and what we did was we took

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- PAH is Corning which is a 24 carbon

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atom very compact PAH structure ice oval

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and three I'm going to call it IV a just

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for short which is a 34 carbon atom PAH

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and what we did we did positive as thin

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films on a salt on salt windows and then

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we took them to the and expose them to

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UV provie photons protons and electrons

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and then what we were doing that we did

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pre and post infrared spectroscopy

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measurements and we the chamber itself

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had a RG a onna a residual gas analyzer

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to see what species were given off

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during a radiation and after a radiation

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we did the samples both single radiation

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sources and in combination to see if a

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combination radiation had an effect

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versus individual radiation sources and

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then we also did the samples with a

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layer of ice on them to see if that

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impact how that impacted the chemistry

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we did the experiments at the combined

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environmental effects facility at the

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Marshall Space Flight Center in

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Huntsville Alabama it's not necessarily

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set up for these type of experiments

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that we're doing a proof-of-concept with

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it it's actually set up to expose

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satellites to solar wind so we're using

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the solar wind in this instance to do

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our chemistry you have a proton

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accelerator going into this vacuum

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chamber as well as a high-energy

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electron accelerator and the UV light

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source so we did here's the energies we

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use we use about 700 ke V proton 90 ke V

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electrons the UV only experiments were

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done at NASA Ames in our laboratory

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with a hydrogen discharge lamp using

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10.2 evie we try to match the fluence as

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much as possible between the samples

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here's some visual results of what

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happened to the samples this is the

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sample holder that we made for the

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chamber is a huge chamber but we did

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duplicate samples cornea top the ice

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oval answering our IV a at the bottom

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you can actually see color changes going

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on with the quarantine it's a

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translucent material it actually changed

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colour upon bombardment the blue color

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that you're seeing here is actually

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color centers developed in the salt

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windows when we were irradiated a little

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bit more on the visual results a lot of

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pH is fluoresce when you put them under

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UV light

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and here's our control sample with no no

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irradiation going on and you can see it

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fluoresce is grayed out the other

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samples they had no wire layer water ice

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layer on them not so much they got

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pretty much this is telling us we're

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destroying the aromatic structure we're

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just really changing it altering it and

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shown here is the RGA results and you

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have the mass going from 1 to 100

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amu the y-axis is pressure and analog in

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a logarithmic scale and there's certain

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there are several time points going on

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here that before cool down just to give

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you idea of what the background looked

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like in the chamber after cool down when

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we started the electron gun this ease

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our electron irradiation experiments

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overnight and when we started warming up

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so let's go through them in a second

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let's get back to give it one second to

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go through the cycle and here is the

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background right here it has a little

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bit of background contamination after

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cool down it's a little bit less intense

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we start the electron gun we start

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seeing a little bit more even overnight

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and then when we get to warm up we get

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all this other electronic material

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showing up and what that actually looks

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like again here's a stack plot from ten

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to a hundred mass units we've got the

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protons the electrons and come in

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combined set protons in the red here

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electrons black blue and green for the

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combined again these are both large PAHs

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Corning itself is about 300 amu

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I saw bill answering is another 120 amu

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above that and so the fat and we if you

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put a pH in a mass spectrometer you

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don't necessarily get these lower these

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small fragments that we're seeing here

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and what you see here is one you see a

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distinct pattern difference between the

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protons and electrons if you look at the

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patterns you're seeing you're seeing a

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c1 a carbon one carbon two carbon three

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carbon up to about seven carbon chains

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in length the protons seem to stop

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around the three to four carbon chain

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lengths you also see it seems like it's

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stripping off hydrogen's one at a time

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before you get to some Peaks and the

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right now the pro the combination looked

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just like a combined proton and electron

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spectrum we need to do some more work on

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that to see if there's actually a

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difference with the combined radiation

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pointing out a couple of Peaks the 69

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peak was unusual because we're children

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I figure out what it's going on and then

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we've got a twenty six peak here in the

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c2 area that we're going to look at when

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we put a water ice layer on it and you

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can actually visually see the water ice

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layer our fragmentation pattern didn't

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really change that much the main Peaks

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the main fragmentation Peaks didn't

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change but it did kind of get kind of

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stopped these individual hydrogens being

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stripped off the main fragments whooshes

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that we're still there just to show you

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one interesting thing between another

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interesting thing between the electron

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and proton here is right before the

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start of the electron gun when we

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started electron gun we see a order of

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magnitude increase in that 69 peak in

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that twenty six p26 peak is

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characteristic of acetylene and pH is

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when they get really energetic like to

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give off a C to H group of settle angry

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hydro group we don't see that so much

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with the proton the only time we give

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off these Peaks is when we start warming

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up the sample so after the irradiation

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so the electrons seem to be sputtering

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the stuff off as well as producing it

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and then the combination is again kind

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now this is a lot going on on this slide

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but I'll try to it's the it's the pre

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the pre and post infrared spectra and

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what you're seeing here are different

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spectra we took the infrared spectra of

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the radiated sample and said

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tract it off the pre radiated sample so

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the neutrally an altered sample

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subtracted from the altered samples and

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this is for quarantine the purple here

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is a UV results the black is the

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electron bombardment the red is the

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proton bombardment and the blue is a

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combined a couple of things to point out

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you see a bump kind of pointing coming

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out around eight to ten microns in the

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UV you see a couple of bumps coming out

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between five and a half and fifteen

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microns and the electron and proton as

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well as combination we do see a couple

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of new bands that are very small

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features and the combine that we don't

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see on the other ones we got to

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investigate and we're kind of comparing

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this bottom color that you see here

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actually matches up to different

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hydrogenation states of a pH

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theoretically that we've taken off of

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our paw database and so it looks like

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we're hydrogenating as well as doing

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some other things to it but the

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interesting thing here and you'll have a

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talk on this in a little bit

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are these broad features that we're

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seeing kind of correlate with the

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plateaus that you see in the

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unidentified infrared emission bands

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with the pop bands we see in the in the

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infrared all over the place so is that

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an indication that they're processed

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pause I don't know we got to do a lot

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more work focusing in on the CH stretch

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here's ISIL answering here's quarantine

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what you can see is the CH stretch the

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aromatic group in the LF attic the

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aliphatics grow upon which again is the

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indication of hydrogenation in the

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proton and electron and a combined

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versus the UV but the electrons were

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unique in that they created this 3.0 3

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micron feature we didn't see that in the

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protons that's kind of a characteristic

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of a CH stretching group off of a C

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triple bond C or maybe a settle Lane

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these were taken at room temperature and

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room pressure so it couldn't be a

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settling gas by itself so it has to be a

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functional group like that attached to

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the PAH so what we kind of figure is

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going on is that we're taking the P and

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actually is taking the PAH hitting it

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with protons electrons creating all

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these interesting structures such as

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acetylene and other groups

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if you start going digging through the

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mass spectra you see a lot of

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complicated stuff going on so we're

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processing the pah is creating all these

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other organics from it from a top-down

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approach versus a bottom-up approach but

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again these are preliminary we're going

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to do a lot more work and I'll end on

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that on the conclusions a little bit is

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that the radiation processing does

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fragment the pH is modifies the

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chemistry of the pH is giving you a

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whole complex mixture of smaller

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molecules there is a difference between

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the electron and proton and UV

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radiations we are going this is a

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mock-up of our new system that we're

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going to come on it's called

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I see that we're starting in July when

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do you be able to do in situ

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measurements why we're irradiating with

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raman spectroscopy IR spectroscopy and

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of the RGA so hopefully and just I would

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like to thank the organizers again and

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think our funding agencies so well with

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that I'll hopefully answer any questions

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we have time for before like two or

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that's an interesting question

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I'm not sure on the on the electron

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bombardment are our new setups going to

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have electron guns capable of doing this

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this was a proof-of-concept so we only

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do one point and so we'd like to go back

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and do the measurements where we can

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actually change the energies and change

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the fluence --is and see which

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parameters are most important I've got a

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theory on the electron with which ones

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which energy levels might be the biggest

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one but I'm not sure you know we can go

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that's I don't know I have to I have to

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go change that in there I'm yeah no no

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and this is a kind of a new area for us

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as well and so I'm learning a lot about

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the different ways to look at the data

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I'll plot the data one way I go back and

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say wait a minute you know that's a good

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idea I gotta go back and try this one

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another quick question hi

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that's a good question and I'm trying to

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figure out the mass spectra is a complex

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mixture right now I'm really curious but

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we're going to see when we do these

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experiments we can do them in situ and

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combine the infrared the Raman and the

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mass spec and especially doing it but

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with the pH by itself and the pH with

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water ice and pH with different things

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in there I'm really curious what kind of

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chemistry you're going I wouldn't I

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wouldn't be surprised if you start

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changing stuff around we know we know we

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and we do stuff with the UV and organic

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mixtures in a water ice and we make

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nuclear bases and stuff like that this

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is coming from the top down again so I

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wouldn't be surprised but I don't know I

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have to do the experiments to find out I

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mean excited by getting this stuff up

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and running and doing it so yeah thank